Legal phrases used in Laws that every law student must know.
1 Suo moto: own motion
4 To invoke Provision : To make use of particular provision.
5 Ipso Facto: By this fact alone or because of this matter alone.
6 ‘MAY’ may be treated as ‘SHALL’ but ‘SHALL’ shall not be treated as ‘MAY’.
7 Tenable: Acceptable in law.
8 Redundant Provision : Out of Force or Outdated Provision.
9 Quasi : Almost Similar to.
10 Quasi Criminal: Almost equal to criminal.
11 Jurisprudence: Law relating to particular matter.
12 Mensrea: Guilty Mind.
13 Ibid: As printed earlier.
14 Suo Moto: On its own.
15 Prima Facie: On its face.
16 Non est: What is not in existence / Non existing thing.
17 Call in question: To challenge.
18 De Nova: Completely New.
19 Sine quo non: Most essential thing.
20 Purposes of this Act: Proceeding must be pending.
21 Reason to believe Vs Reason to suspect: Refer various caselaws.
22 Derived from & attributable to: Derived from refers to direct connection with a particular matter whereas attributable to refers to an indirect connection.
23 Mutatis Mutandis: After making necessary changes as may be required.
24 Discovery Vs Detection: Discovery is made by the assessee whereas detection is done by the Assessing Officer.
25 To Quash: The process of cancelling the proceeding of Assessing Authorities by Judicial Authorities.
26 So far as may be: To the extent possible.
27 Travisity of Justice : A ridiculous interpretation of a very serious statement, making a mockery of a very serious matter.
28 To impugne : To challenge.
29 Save as otherwise provided : Except to the extent as oppositely provided.
30 If one section is overriding the other section : Use Words “Not withstanding anything contained in"
31 If one section is superceded by the other section : Use words “Save as otherwise provided"
32 Other provisions apply in General way: Use words “Without prejudice to the provisions"
33 Reckoned : Recognised, Counted, Calculated.
34 Doctrine of Merger: When an order passed by the lower authority is superceded by the higher authority.
35 Doctrine : Principle or saying in general acceptance.
36 In Pari Material Pavi Causa: Same material, same content {Eg. Sec. 24B of IT Act, 1922 is Pari Material with Sec. 159 of IT Act, 1961. In such a case a judgement given in respect of section 24B would be valid in respect of sec. 159}
37 Per se : By itself.
38 Cy Press : As near as possible.
39 Tax is always charged, Interest is levied and Penalty is imposed.
40 Deductions are admissible, Relief is granted.
41 Return is always furnished, Assessment order is made / passed.
42 De hors : Independent of.
43 Order of Injunction of HC : Stay order.
44 Several Liability means separate liability. [Refer sections 168(3), 171(7), 179(1) 178(5) & 188A.]
45 Legatee is a person for whose benefit there exists an asset of a deceased.
46 Locus Standi : Directly involved in relation or deal.
47 Garnishee Proceeding : The proceeding which gives Govt. the right to attach (i.e. forcibly take over) any asset from a person who is defaulter.
48 Vitiate Proceedings : To make proceedings null, void.
49 Inter alia : Among other things.
50 Audit Altream partem : It is a principle of natural justice. According to this principle, which is the principle in every civilized jurisprudence, a person against whom any action is sought to be taken or a person whose rights or interests are to be affected should be given a reasonable opportunity to defend himself.
51 Resjudicata : [Once the decision of HC comes then on that same point again appeal cannot be made.] The issue of Law which has been already decided shall not be pleaded for review.
52 In Limine : At the outset (i.e. at the beginning).
53 Suspended animus : An order under Appeal is not subject to any action by any authority till the order disposing of the appeal is available.
54 Subjudice : Under an appeal to a court, decision awaited.
55 Adjudicate : Consider for judgement. A court adjudicates means gives its decision on a particular matter.
56 Akin : Similar to; of the same type Coterminus : Similar to; of the same type.
57 Impediment : Obstacles or Hindrance.
58 Sine Di: For indefinite period.
59 To deduce : Logically come to the conclusion.
60 Purview : Scope.
61 Bounty : Additional Advantage.
62 Ad Hoc : Without any particular rate, percentage, proportion.
63 Ad infinitum : Without any Time limit.
64 Ad interim : In the Mean Time.
65 Bonafide : Genuine.
66 Surmises : Presumptions, own assumptions.
67 Defacto : Infact.
68 Defjure : In Law, irrespective of whatever the facts.
69 Ejusdem Generis : Of the same kind.
70 Ex-gratia : As a matter of grace ir favour.
71 Ignorantia Legis known excusat : Ignorance of law is not excused.
72 Mesne Profit : Profit earned by somebody by wrongful possession of property.
73 Modus Operandi : Mode of Operation / Manner of working.
74 Nexus : Close connection link.
75 Onus probandi : Onus of proof / The burden of Proof.
76 Non obnstante clause : That provision has superceding effect on any other provision
77 Raison D’etre : Reason or justification for existence.
78 Ratio Decidendi : Reason for deciding / Grounds for decision.
79 Suijuris : of his own right.
80 Assessee engaged in : The activity should have started.
81 Option Vs Discretion : Whenever choices is available to the assessee in respect of any matter. Law uses the word at his option – for eg:
1. Sec 11(11) – Explanation to Sec. 11 (11)
2. Sec. 23(4)
82 amicus curiae : Friend of court; one who voluntarily or on invitation of the court, and not on instructions of any party, helps the court in any judicial proceedings.
83 audi alteram : hear the other side. Both sides should be heard before a decision is arrived at.
84 caveat emptor : let the purchaser beware. implying that the buyer must be cautious, as the risk is his and not that of the seller.
85 cestui que trust : a beneficiary under a trust, the person for whose benefit the trust is created.
86 ex officio : by virtue of an office.
87 ex parte : expression used to signify something done or said by one person not in the presence of his opponent.
88 fait accompli : An accomplished act.
89 obiter diccum : an opinion of law not necessary to the decision. An exspression of opinion (formed) by a judge on a question immaterial to the ratio decidendi, and unnecessary for the decision of the particular case. It is no way binding on any court, but may receive attention as being an opinion of the high authority.
90 pendente lite : during litigation.
91 per incuriam : through carelessness, through inadvertence. A decision of the court is not binding precedent if given peer incuriam, that is, without the court’s attention having been drawn to the relevant authorities, or statutes.
92 pro tanto: to that extent, for so much, for as much as may be.
93 quid pro quo : the giving of one thing of value for another thing of value; one for the other; thing given as compensation.
94 Ratio Decidendi : Reason for deciding/Grounds for decision.
95 res integra: an untouched matter; a point without a precedent; a case of novel impression.
96 rule njsi : a rule to show cause why a party should not do a certain act, or why the object of the rule should not be enforced.
97 in personam : against the person; an act or preceeding done or directed with reference to no specific person or with reference to all whom it might concern.
98 in rem : an act/proceeding done or directed with reference to no specific person or with refernce to all whom it might concern.
99 inter vivos : between living persons.
100 intestate : a person is deemed to die intestate in respect of property of which he or she has not made a testamentary disposition (“will”) capable of taking effect.
101 intra vires : within the powers; within the authority given by law.
102 ipse dixit : he himself said it; there is no other authority.
103 ipso jure : by the law itself ; by the mere operation of law.
104 lis pe ndens : a pending suit.
105 rule absolute : when, having heard counsels, court directs the performance of that act forthwith.
106 sine die : without delay.
107 stare decisis : to stand by things decided; to abide by precedents where the same points come again in litigation.
108 status quo : existing condition.
109 sub judice : before a judge or court; pending decision of a competent court.
110 ultra vires : beyond one’s power.
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